Spawn Backends

A backend determines how teammate Claude instances actually run. Claude Code supports three backends and auto-detects the best one based on your environment.

Experimental: Agent teams are disabled by default. Enable with CLAUDE_CODE_EXPERIMENTAL_AGENT_TEAMS in your settings or environment.

Related skills:

• Orchestrating - Primitives overview and quick reference
• Team Management - Creating and managing teams
• Error Handling - Troubleshooting backend issues

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Backend Comparison

Backend	How It Works	Visibility	Persistence	Speed
in-process	Same Node.js process as leader	Hidden (background)	Dies with leader	Fastest
tmux	Separate terminal in tmux session	Visible in tmux	Survives leader exit	Medium
iterm2	Split panes in iTerm2 window	Visible side-by-side	Dies with window	Medium

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teammateMode Setting

The default is "auto", which uses split panes if you're already running inside a tmux session, and in-process otherwise.

Settings File Configuration

Set teammateMode in your settings.json:

{
  "teammateMode": "in-process"
}

Valid values: "auto", "in-process", "tmux"

CLI Flag

Force a mode for a single session:

claude --teammate-mode in-process

Environment Variable

export CLAUDE_CODE_SPAWN_BACKEND=in-process

---

Auto-Detection Logic

Claude Code automatically selects a backend using this decision tree:

flowchart TD
    A[Start] --> B{Running inside tmux?}
    B -->|Yes| C[Use tmux backend]
    B -->|No| D{Running in iTerm2?}
    D -->|No| E{tmux available?}
    E -->|Yes| F[Use tmux - external session]
    E -->|No| G[Use in-process]
    D -->|Yes| H{it2 CLI installed?}
    H -->|Yes| I[Use iterm2 backend]
    H -->|No| J{tmux available?}
    J -->|Yes| K[Use tmux - prompt to install it2]
    J -->|No| L[Error: Install tmux or it2]

Detection checks:

1. $TMUX environment variable -> inside tmux
2. $TERM_PROGRAM === "iTerm.app" or $ITERM_SESSION_ID -> in iTerm2
3. which tmux -> tmux available
4. which it2 -> it2 CLI installed

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in-process (Default)

Teammates run as async tasks within the same Node.js process.

How it works:

• No new process spawned
• Teammates share the same Node.js event loop
• Communication via in-memory queues (fast)
• You don't see teammate output directly

When it's used:

• Not running inside tmux session
• Non-interactive mode (CI, scripts)
• Explicitly set via teammateMode: "in-process" or CLAUDE_CODE_SPAWN_BACKEND=in-process

Layout:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│           Node.js Process               │
│  ┌─────────┐  ┌─────────┐  ┌─────────┐ │
│  │ Leader  │  │Worker 1 │  │Worker 2 │ │
│  │ (main)  │  │ (async) │  │ (async) │ │
│  └─────────┘  └─────────┘  └─────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Interaction: Use Shift+Up/Down to select a teammate, then type to send a message. Press Enter to view a session, Escape to interrupt, Ctrl+T to toggle the task list.

Pros:

• Fastest startup (no process spawn)
• Lowest overhead
• Works everywhere, no extra setup

Cons:

• Can't see teammate output in real-time
• All die if leader dies
• Harder to debug

---

tmux

Teammates run as separate Claude instances in tmux panes/windows.

How it works:

• Each teammate gets its own tmux pane
• Separate process per teammate
• You can switch panes to see teammate output
• Communication via inbox files

When it's used:

• Running inside a tmux session ($TMUX is set)
• tmux available and not in iTerm2
• Explicitly set via teammateMode: "tmux" or CLAUDE_CODE_SPAWN_BACKEND=tmux

Layout modes:

1. Inside tmux (native): Splits your current window

┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│                 │    Worker 1     │
│     Leader      ├─────────────────┤
│   (your pane)   │    Worker 2     │
│                 ├─────────────────┤
│                 │    Worker 3     │
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┘

2. Outside tmux (external session): Creates a new tmux session called claude-swarm

# Your terminal stays as-is
# Workers run in separate tmux session

# View workers:
tmux attach -t claude-swarm

Note: tmux has known limitations on certain operating systems and traditionally works best on macOS. Using tmux -CC in iTerm2 is the suggested entrypoint.

Pros:

• See teammate output in real-time
• Teammates survive leader exit
• Can attach/detach sessions
• Works in CI/headless environments

Cons:

• Slower startup (process spawn)
• Requires tmux installed
• More resource usage

# Start tmux session first
tmux new-session -s claude

# Or force tmux backend
export CLAUDE_CODE_SPAWN_BACKEND=tmux

Useful tmux commands:

# List all panes in current window
tmux list-panes

# Switch to pane by number
tmux select-pane -t 1

# Kill a specific pane
tmux kill-pane -t %5

# View swarm session (if external)
tmux attach -t claude-swarm

# Rebalance pane layout
tmux select-layout tiled

---

iterm2 (macOS only)

Teammates run as split panes within your iTerm2 window.

How it works:

• Uses iTerm2's Python API via it2 CLI
• Splits your current window into panes
• Each teammate visible side-by-side
• Communication via inbox files

When it's used:

• Running in iTerm2 ($TERM_PROGRAM === "iTerm.app")
• it2 CLI is installed and working
• Python API enabled in iTerm2 preferences

Layout:

┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│                 │    Worker 1     │
│     Leader      ├─────────────────┤
│   (your pane)   │    Worker 2     │
│                 ├─────────────────┤
│                 │    Worker 3     │
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┘

Pros:

• Visual debugging - see all teammates
• Native macOS experience
• No tmux needed
• Automatic pane management

Cons:

• macOS + iTerm2 only
• Requires setup (it2 CLI + Python API)
• Panes die with window
• Not supported in VS Code's integrated terminal, Windows Terminal, or Ghostty

Setup:

# 1. Install it2 CLI
uv tool install it2
# OR
pipx install it2
# OR
pip install --user it2

# 2. Enable Python API in iTerm2
# iTerm2 -> Settings -> General -> Magic -> Enable Python API

# 3. Restart iTerm2

# 4. Verify
it2 --version
it2 session list

If setup fails: Claude Code will prompt you to set up it2 when you first spawn a teammate. You can choose to:

1. Install it2 now (guided setup)
2. Use tmux instead
3. Cancel

---

Backend in Team Config

The backend type is recorded per-teammate in config.json:

{
  "members": [
    {
      "name": "worker-1",
      "backendType": "in-process",
      "tmuxPaneId": "in-process"
    },
    {
      "name": "worker-2",
      "backendType": "tmux",
      "tmuxPaneId": "%5"
    }
  ]
}

---

Checking Current Backend

# See what backend was detected
cat ~/.claude/teams/{team}/config.json | jq '.members[].backendType'

# Check if inside tmux
echo $TMUX

# Check if in iTerm2
echo $TERM_PROGRAM

# Check tmux availability
which tmux

# Check it2 availability
which it2

---

Troubleshooting Backends

Issue	Cause	Solution
"No pane backend available"	Neither tmux nor iTerm2 available	Install tmux: brew install tmux
"it2 CLI not installed"	In iTerm2 but missing it2	Run uv tool install it2
"Python API not enabled"	it2 can't communicate with iTerm2	Enable in iTerm2 Settings -> General -> Magic
Workers not visible	Using in-process backend	Start inside tmux or iTerm2
Workers dying unexpectedly	Outside tmux, leader exited	Use tmux for persistence
Orphaned tmux sessions	Team wasn't fully cleaned up	tmux ls then tmux kill-session -t <name>