libGDX File I/O & Preferences

Quick reference for FileHandle, Files.FileType, and Preferences. Covers file reading/writing, platform-specific path resolution, and persistent key-value storage.

FileType Enum (Files.FileType)

Five values: Classpath, Internal, External, Absolute, Local.

FileType	Writable	Description
Classpath	No	Java classpath resource. Most restrictive — no list(), no isDirectory(), no Android audio.
Internal	No	Asset directory. Falls back to classpath on desktop if file not found.
External	Yes	User/app external storage.
Local	Yes	App-private storage.
Absolute	Yes	Literal filesystem path.

Classpath and Internal are always read-only. Writing throws GdxRuntimeException.

Platform Path Resolution — WHERE Each FileType Points

FileType	Desktop (LWJGL3)	Android	iOS (RoboVM)	GWT
Internal	Working dir, falls back to classpath	APK assets/ via AssetManager	App bundle (NSBundle.mainBundle)	Preloaded assets
Local	Working dir (new File("").getAbsolutePath())	Context.getFilesDir() (app private)	$HOME/Library/local/	Not supported (throws)
External	User home (System.getProperty("user.home"))	Context.getExternalFilesDir(null) (app-scoped)	$HOME/Documents/	Not supported (throws)
Absolute	Literal path	Literal path	Literal path	Not supported (throws)
Classpath	Classloader resource	Classloader resource	Classloader resource	Preloaded assets

Gotchas:

• Android External uses getExternalFilesDir(null) (app-scoped, e.g. /storage/emulated/0/Android/data/<pkg>/files/). This does NOT require WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission. Files are deleted on app uninstall. Older libGDX versions used Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory() which DID need the permission — that is no longer the case.
• Desktop Local and Internal both resolve relative to the JVM working directory. When launching from IntelliJ/Gradle, this may not be the assets/ folder — configure the working directory in your run configuration.
• iOS Local and External are different paths (Library/local/ vs Documents/), unlike what some documentation claims.
• GWT supports only Internal and Classpath. All other types throw GdxRuntimeException. GWT files are read-only.

Gdx.files Methods

FileHandle fh = Gdx.files.internal("data/map.tmx");   // FileType.Internal
FileHandle fh = Gdx.files.local("saves/slot1.json");   // FileType.Local
FileHandle fh = Gdx.files.external("screenshots/s.png"); // FileType.External
FileHandle fh = Gdx.files.absolute("/tmp/debug.log");  // FileType.Absolute
FileHandle fh = Gdx.files.classpath("com/lib/default.json"); // FileType.Classpath

// Storage queries
String path = Gdx.files.getExternalStoragePath();      // platform external root
String path = Gdx.files.getLocalStoragePath();          // platform local root
boolean ok  = Gdx.files.isExternalStorageAvailable();   // false on GWT, or if no SD card
boolean ok  = Gdx.files.isLocalStorageAvailable();      // false on GWT

Gdx.files.classpath() does exist — it is a real method on the Files interface. Classpath is a real FileType enum value. However, prefer Internal for game assets — Classpath cannot be used with Android audio, cannot list directories, and always reports isDirectory() = false.

DO NOT use new FileHandle("path") for cross-platform code — the public constructors create Absolute handles with no backend awareness. Always use Gdx.files.*().

FileHandle API

Reading

// Streams
InputStream is  = fh.read();                           // raw InputStream
BufferedInputStream bis = fh.read(bufferSize);          // buffered

// Readers
Reader r        = fh.reader();                          // platform default charset
Reader r        = fh.reader("UTF-8");                   // explicit charset
BufferedReader br = fh.reader(bufferSize);              // buffered, default charset
BufferedReader br = fh.reader(bufferSize, "UTF-8");     // buffered, explicit charset

// Bulk
String s        = fh.readString();                      // platform default charset
String s        = fh.readString("UTF-8");               // explicit charset
byte[] b        = fh.readBytes();                       // entire file
int n           = fh.readBytes(bytes, offset, size);    // into existing array, returns count

// Memory-mapped (not on Classpath or GWT)
ByteBuffer bb   = fh.map();                             // READ_ONLY mode
ByteBuffer bb   = fh.map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY);

Gotcha: readString() without a charset uses the platform default charset, NOT UTF-8. On most modern JVMs this is UTF-8, but it's not guaranteed. Always pass "UTF-8" explicitly for cross-platform consistency.

Writing

All write methods require boolean append — there is no overload without it.

// Streams
OutputStream os = fh.write(false);                      // append=false → overwrite
OutputStream os = fh.write(true, bufferSize);           // buffered
fh.write(inputStream, false);                           // copies InputStream, closes it

// Writers
Writer w        = fh.writer(false);                     // platform default charset
Writer w        = fh.writer(false, "UTF-8");            // explicit charset

// Bulk
fh.writeString("data", false);                          // overwrite, default charset
fh.writeString("data", true, "UTF-8");                  // append, explicit charset
fh.writeBytes(bytes, false);                            // overwrite
fh.writeBytes(bytes, offset, length, false);            // slice

Writing to Classpath or Internal throws GdxRuntimeException. Parent directories are created automatically.

Metadata

String s   = fh.path();                    // full path, forward slashes
String s   = fh.name();                    // filename only ("map.tmx")
String s   = fh.extension();               // without dot ("tmx"), or "" if none
String s   = fh.nameWithoutExtension();    // "map"
String s   = fh.pathWithoutExtension();    // "data/map"
FileType t = fh.type();                    // FileType enum value

boolean b  = fh.exists();
boolean b  = fh.isDirectory();
long len   = fh.length();                  // bytes; 0 for dirs or non-existent
long ms    = fh.lastModified();            // millis; 0 for Classpath/Internal on Android

File f     = fh.file();                    // java.io.File — SEE WARNING BELOW

WARNING: fh.file() on Android Internal files returns a File with a relative path that does NOT point to an accessible filesystem location. Assets live inside the APK. The returned File will report exists() = false. Use read()/readString()/readBytes() instead. On GWT, file() throws GdxRuntimeException.

Directory Operations

FileHandle[] children = fh.list();                  // all children
FileHandle[] children = fh.list(".png");            // suffix filter (endsWith)
FileHandle[] children = fh.list(fileFilter);        // java.io.FileFilter
FileHandle[] children = fh.list(filenameFilter);    // java.io.FilenameFilter

FileHandle child   = fh.child("sub/file.txt");     // child path, same FileType
FileHandle parent  = fh.parent();                   // parent directory
FileHandle sibling = fh.sibling("other.txt");       // same parent, same FileType

list() returns an empty array (not null) when there are no children. Throws GdxRuntimeException for Classpath. On Android, list() for Internal files works via AssetManager.list().

Gotcha: exists() for Internal directories on Android is extremely slow (tries assets.open(), catches exception, then calls assets.list()). The source code contains the comment "This is SUPER slow!" Empty Internal directories on Android report isDirectory() = false.

File Operations

fh.mkdirs();                       // create directory + parents (void)
fh.copyTo(destHandle);             // smart copy: file→file, file→dir, dir→dir (recursive)
fh.moveTo(destHandle);             // tries rename, falls back to copy+delete
boolean ok = fh.delete();          // file or empty directory only
boolean ok = fh.deleteDirectory(); // recursive delete
fh.emptyDirectory();               // delete all children (keeps the directory)
fh.emptyDirectory(true);           // delete files but preserve subdirectory structure

mkdirs(), delete(), deleteDirectory(), emptyDirectory() all throw GdxRuntimeException for Classpath/Internal.

Static Utilities

FileHandle tmp  = FileHandle.tempFile("prefix");       // Absolute type, system temp dir
FileHandle tmpd = FileHandle.tempDirectory("prefix");   // Absolute type, creates dir

These use java.io.File.createTempFile() internally. Not available on GWT.

Preferences

Persistent key-value storage. Backed by platform-native mechanisms.

Getting Preferences

Preferences prefs = Gdx.app.getPreferences("com.mygame.settings");

The name must be valid as a filename (it becomes one on Desktop/iOS). Use reverse-domain naming to avoid collisions — all libGDX apps share the same .prefs/ directory on desktop.

DO NOT call getPreferences() in a constructor or static initializer — Gdx.app is not initialized until create().

Put Methods (all return Preferences for chaining)

prefs.putBoolean("sound", true)
     .putInteger("level", 5)
     .putLong("score", 999999L)
     .putFloat("volume", 0.8f)
     .putString("name", "Player1")
     .flush();                         // MUST call to persist!

prefs.put(Map.of("a", true, "b", 42)); // bulk put from Map<String, ?>

There is no putDouble(). Store doubles as strings or two floats.

Get Methods

boolean b = prefs.getBoolean("sound");              // default: false
boolean b = prefs.getBoolean("sound", true);        // explicit default
int i     = prefs.getInteger("level");              // default: 0
int i     = prefs.getInteger("level", 1);
long l    = prefs.getLong("score");                  // default: 0
float f   = prefs.getFloat("volume");               // default: 0
String s  = prefs.getString("name");                // default: "" (empty string, NOT null)
String s  = prefs.getString("name", "Unknown");

No-default call	Returns
getBoolean(key)	false
getInteger(key)	0
getLong(key)	0
getFloat(key)	0
getString(key)	"" (empty string)

Other Methods

Map<String, ?> all = prefs.get();         // read-only map of all entries
boolean exists     = prefs.contains("key");
prefs.remove("key");                       // void
prefs.clear();                             // void
prefs.flush();                             // void — MUST call to persist changes

There is no save(), commit(), or apply() — it is flush().

flush() — Critical

flush() is the only way to persist changes to disk. Without it, all puts are lost when the app exits. There is no auto-flush on any platform.

// WRONG — changes lost on exit:
prefs.putInteger("score", 100);

// CORRECT:
prefs.putInteger("score", 100);
prefs.flush();

Preferences Storage Per Platform

Platform	Storage Mechanism	Location
Desktop (LWJGL3)	Java Properties XML file	~/.prefs/<name> (configurable via Lwjgl3ApplicationConfiguration.setPreferencesConfig())
Android	SharedPreferences	/data/data/<pkg>/shared_prefs/<name>.xml
iOS (RoboVM)	NSMutableDictionary → .plist	~/Library/<name>.plist
GWT	Browser localStorage	Keyed by "<name>:<key><type>"
Headless	Java Properties XML file	~/.prefs/<name> (same as desktop)

Gotchas:

• Desktop: All libGDX apps share ~/.prefs/ — use unique names.
• iOS: Multiple getPreferences() calls with the same name return independent instances that do not share in-memory state. Get the instance once and reuse it.
• GWT: localStorage is typically limited to ~5 MB per origin.
• Preferences are not thread-safe on any platform.

GWT File Restrictions Summary

Feature	Supported on GWT?
Gdx.files.internal()	Yes (preloaded, read-only)
Gdx.files.classpath()	Yes (preloaded, read-only)
Gdx.files.local()	No — throws GdxRuntimeException
Gdx.files.external()	No — throws GdxRuntimeException
Gdx.files.absolute()	No — throws GdxRuntimeException
fh.file()	No — throws GdxRuntimeException
Any write operation	No — throws GdxRuntimeException
fh.map()	No — throws GdxRuntimeException
Preferences	Yes — uses browser localStorage

On GWT, Preferences is the only way to persist data.

Integration Notes

• AssetManager uses Internal files by default via InternalFileHandleResolver. Pass LocalFileHandleResolver or ExternalFileHandleResolver to the constructor to change this.
• For platform-specific file behavior details, see the backend skills: libgdx-android-backend, libgdx-lwjgl3-desktop, libgdx-ios-robovm.

Common Mistakes

1. Writing to Internal files — Gdx.files.internal("save.json").writeString(...) throws GdxRuntimeException. Internal is read-only. Use Gdx.files.local() for writable app-private storage.
2. Forgetting flush() on Preferences — Without flush(), all puts are lost on app exit. There is no auto-flush, no save(), no commit(). The method is flush().
3. Using java.io.File or java.nio.file.Path instead of FileHandle — Breaks on Android (assets are inside the APK) and iOS. Always use Gdx.files.*() for cross-platform code.
4. Calling fh.file() on Android Internal files — Returns a File with a relative path that doesn't exist on the filesystem. Use fh.read() / fh.readString() / fh.readBytes() instead.
5. Omitting the append boolean on write methods — writeString(str, append) requires the boolean. There is no overload without it. Use false to overwrite, true to append.
6. Assuming readString() uses UTF-8 — It uses the platform default charset. Always pass "UTF-8" explicitly: fh.readString("UTF-8").
7. Confusing Local paths across platforms — Desktop Local is the working directory (may not be where you expect in IDE). Android Local is Context.getFilesDir() (app-private). They are not the same concept.
8. Calling Gdx.files.*() or Gdx.app.getPreferences() before create() — Gdx.files and Gdx.app are null until the application is initialized. Access them in create() or later.
9. Using Gdx.files.external() expecting shared storage on modern Android — External maps to getExternalFilesDir(null) (app-scoped, deleted on uninstall). It is NOT shared public storage.
10. Using file I/O on GWT — Only Internal/Classpath reads and Preferences work. All writes, local(), external(), absolute(), and file() throw exceptions.
11. Using new FileHandle("path") in cross-platform code — The public constructors create Absolute handles with no backend awareness. The Javadoc warns: "Do not use this constructor in case you write something cross-platform."
12. Not using unique Preferences names — On desktop, all libGDX apps share ~/.prefs/. A generic name like "settings" will collide. Use reverse-domain naming: "com.mygame.settings".