Swift Testing

Instructions

Step 1: Determine Testing Mode

Check CLAUDE.md for Testing Mode:

• enterprise → consult references/enterprise.md for strict rules
• indie → consult references/indie.md for pragmatic rules
• If not set: ask the user which mode applies

Step 2: Identify What to Test

Ask if not already clear:

• Which type / function / feature needs tests?
• What is the expected behavior (not implementation)?
• Are there async operations?
• Are there existing mocks or does the skill need to create them?

Always test:

• ViewModels (state changes, actions, error states)
• Services and Repositories (business logic, data transformations)
• Formatters, validators, utilities
• Async flows end-to-end (with mocked dependencies)
• Edge cases and error paths

Never test:

• Private implementation details
• SwiftUI view tree structure or layout positions
• UIViewController internal wiring

Step 3: Choose the Framework

Scenario	Framework
New unit tests (Swift 5.9+, iOS 16+)	Swift Testing (@Test, #expect)
Legacy or team convention on XCTest	XCTest (XCTestCase, XCTAssert*)
UI / end-to-end tests	XCTest + XCUITest
Async unit tests	Both support async — use await

Do NOT mix Swift Testing and XCTest in the same test target.

Step 4: Write Tests

Naming (both frameworks):

test_when_<Condition>_should_<ExpectedOutcome>()

Structure — Swift Testing:

import Testing
@testable import MyApp

@MainActor
struct LoginViewModelTests {

    @Test func test_when_credentialsAreValid_should_setIsLoggedIn() async throws {
        // Arrange
        let authService = MockAuthService(willSucceed: true)
        let sut = LoginViewModel(authService: authService)

        // Act
        await sut.login(email: "user@example.com", password: "secret")

        // Assert
        #expect(sut.isLoggedIn == true)
        #expect(sut.error == nil)
    }

    @Test func test_when_credentialsAreInvalid_should_setError() async throws {
        // Arrange
        let authService = MockAuthService(willSucceed: false)
        let sut = LoginViewModel(authService: authService)

        // Act
        await sut.login(email: "bad@example.com", password: "wrong")

        // Assert
        #expect(sut.isLoggedIn == false)
        #expect(sut.error != nil)
    }
}

Structure — XCTest:

import XCTest
@testable import MyApp

@MainActor
final class LoginViewModelTests: XCTestCase {

    func test_when_credentialsAreValid_should_setIsLoggedIn() async throws {
        // Arrange
        let authService = MockAuthService(willSucceed: true)
        let sut = LoginViewModel(authService: authService)

        // Act
        await sut.login(email: "user@example.com", password: "secret")

        // Assert
        XCTAssertTrue(sut.isLoggedIn)
        XCTAssertNil(sut.error)
    }
}

Step 5: Generate Mocks

Always generate a mock alongside any test that needs one:

// Always inject via protocol, never use real implementations in unit tests
final class MockAuthService: AuthServiceProtocol {
    let willSucceed: Bool
    private(set) var loginCallCount = 0

    init(willSucceed: Bool) {
        self.willSucceed = willSucceed
    }

    func login(email: String, password: String) async throws -> User {
        loginCallCount += 1
        if willSucceed {
            return User(id: "1", email: email)
        } else {
            throw AuthError.invalidCredentials
        }
    }
}

Step 6: Determinism Checklist

Before finalizing, verify every test:

• No real network calls
• No sleep() or polling
• No shared global state between tests
• No real time/date dependency (inject Date or a clock protocol)
• Fresh sut instance per test
• setUp/tearDown only when truly necessary

Examples

Example 1: ViewModel with async fetch

User says: "Write tests for my ProductListViewModel that fetches products from an API"

Actions:

1. Read ProductListViewModel.swift to understand state and dependencies
2. Identify the ProductRepositoryProtocol or create it if missing
3. Generate MockProductRepository with stubbable results
4. Write tests: empty state, loaded state, error state, loading indicator

Example 2: Data transformation

User says: "Test my PriceFormatter that converts cents to currency string"

Actions:

1. Read PriceFormatter.swift
2. Write Swift Testing @Test functions for: zero cents, typical value, large value, locale edge cases

Troubleshooting

Async tests fail intermittently: You are using sleep() or polling. Replace with async/await and mocked async dependencies that resolve immediately.

Tests break on refactoring: You are testing implementation details (private properties, internal call counts). Refocus on observable output state only.

ViewModel is untestable: Dependencies are created inside the type (NetworkService()). Inject them via init. This is an architecture issue — see swift-architecture-audit skill.

"Cannot find type X in scope": Add @testable import YourModule at the top of the test file.