Frontend Styling

Comprehensive guidance for debugging layout issues, ensuring style consistency, and applying best practices in frontend development, with emphasis on Svelte/SvelteKit projects.

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When This Skill Applies

Use this skill when:

• Fixing layout problems (alignment, spacing, positioning, responsive issues)
• Unifying component styling to match project conventions
• Debugging visual inconsistencies or CSS bugs
• Implementing new UI components
• Refactoring styling approaches
• Questions about CSS organization or best practices

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Core Principles

1. Accessibility First

Accessibility is not a polish step — it's a structural requirement. Every styling decision should pass the accessibility check before considering aesthetics.

Non-negotiable:

• Colour contrast meets WCAG 2.1 AA (4.5:1 normal text, 3:1 large text)
• Focus indicators visible on all interactive elements
• No information conveyed by colour alone (use icons, text, patterns too)
• Reduced motion support via prefers-reduced-motion
• Touch targets at least 44×44px on mobile
• Text remains readable at 200% zoom

/* Always include focus styles */
:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--color-focus);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Respect motion preferences */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

/* Never rely on colour alone */
.error-field {
  border-color: var(--color-error);
  border-width: 2px; /* Visual indicator beyond colour */
}
.error-message {
  color: var(--color-error);
}
.error-message::before {
  content: "⚠ "; /* Icon reinforces the colour */
}

2. Plan Before Execute

For non-trivial styling changes:

1. Analyse - Understand the current implementation
2. Plan - Outline proposed changes in logical order
3. Confirm - Get user approval before execution
4. Execute - Apply changes methodically

3. Consistency Over Cleverness

• Match the project's established patterns
• Don't introduce new approaches without discussion
• Preserve existing styling architecture
• Keep component styles predictable

4. Hierarchy and Order

When fixing multiple issues:

1. Fix parent containers before children
2. Address layout structure before fine-tuning
3. Edit CSS files before component files when possible
4. Work through child components before parent components

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Svelte-Specific Guidelines

Component-Scoped Styles

Svelte's <style> blocks are scoped by default - leverage this:

<style>
  /* Scoped automatically - no class name collisions */
  .button {
    padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
    border-radius: 0.25rem;
  }
  
  .button--primary {
    background: var(--color-primary);
  }
</style>

Global Styles

Use :global() sparingly and intentionally:

<style>
  /* Only when deliberately styling external elements */
  :global(.markdown-content h1) {
    margin-top: 2rem;
  }
</style>

CSS Custom Properties

Prefer CSS variables for theming and consistency:

<style>
  .card {
    background: var(--card-bg, #fff);
    border: 1px solid var(--card-border, #e5e7eb);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md, 0.5rem);
  }
</style>

Reactive Classes

Use Svelte's class directive for dynamic styling:

<button 
  class="btn" 
  class:btn--active={isActive}
  class:btn--disabled={disabled}
>
  Click me
</button>

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Layout Debugging Workflow

Step 1: Identify Root Cause

Common layout issues and their causes:

Alignment Problems:

• Check parent container's display property (flex/grid/block)
• Verify align-items, justify-content, align-self
• Check for unexpected margins/padding
• Look for position: absolute breaking flow

Spacing Issues:

• Examine margin collapse behaviour
• Check for inconsistent spacing units
• Look for box-sizing mismatches
• Verify padding vs margin usage

Responsive Breakage:

• Check media query breakpoints
• Verify min-width vs max-width logic
• Look for fixed widths instead of flexible units
• Check for overflow issues

Z-Index Conflicts:

• Verify stacking context creation
• Check position property (relative/absolute/fixed)
• Look for competing z-index values
• Examine parent-child z-index relationships

Step 2: Determine Fix Location

Ask: "Should this be fixed in the component or its parent?"

Fix in Component When:

• Issue is internal to component layout
• Component violates its own design contract
• Changes won't affect siblings or parent

Fix in Parent When:

• Issue involves multiple children
• Problem is container-level (flexbox/grid)
• Fix benefits component reusability

Step 3: Apply Fixes Systematically

1. Start with structural changes (display, position, layout)
2. Then spacing (margin, padding, gap)
3. Then sizing (width, height, flex-grow/shrink)
4. Finally visual polish (borders, shadows, etc.)

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Style Consistency Workflow

Step 1: Analyse Current Implementation

Check for:

• Naming conventions - BEM, utility classes, or other patterns
• Styling location - Component <style> vs external CSS
• Value patterns - Hard-coded vs CSS variables
• Units - rem, px, em usage patterns
• Responsiveness - Media query patterns

Step 2: Identify Inconsistencies

Compare component styling against project patterns:

✗ Inconsistent: <div class="cardContainer">
✓ Consistent:   <div class="card-container">

✗ Inconsistent: padding: 8px;
✓ Consistent:   padding: 0.5rem;

✗ Inconsistent: background: #3B82F6;
✓ Consistent:   background: var(--color-primary);

Step 3: Propose Changes

List specific changes needed to match project patterns:

• "Replace hard-coded colors with CSS variables"
• "Convert class names from camelCase to kebab-case"
• "Move inline styles to component <style> block"
• "Use rem units instead of px for spacing"

Step 4: Execute After Approval

Apply changes in logical order:

1. CSS files first (if applicable)
2. Child components
3. Parent component last

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Project Preferences

Naming Conventions

• CSS classes: kebab-case (e.g., card-header, btn-primary)
• Component files: PascalCase.svelte (e.g., UserCard.svelte)
• BEM-like modifiers: Double dash for variants (e.g., btn--primary, card--elevated)

Spacing and Units

• Use rem for spacing (0.25rem, 0.5rem, 1rem, 1.5rem, 2rem)
• Use em for typography-relative spacing
• Avoid magic numbers - prefer CSS variables

Color Management

• Define colors as CSS variables in root/theme
• Never hard-code hex/rgb values in components
• Use semantic naming (--color-primary, not --blue-500)

Responsive Design

• Mobile-first approach (min-width media queries)
• Common breakpoints:
  • sm: 640px
  • md: 768px
  • lg: 1024px
  • xl: 1280px

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Common Patterns

Flexbox Layouts

/* Center content */
.container {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

/* Responsive row to column */
.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 1rem;
}

Grid Layouts

/* Responsive grid */
.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
  gap: 1.5rem;
}

Component Structure

<script>
  // Logic
</script>

<div class="component">
  <!-- Template -->
</div>

<style>
  .component {
    /* Styles scoped to component */
  }
</style>

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Anti-Patterns to Avoid

Don't: Mix Styling Approaches

<!-- ✗ Bad: Mixing inline styles with classes -->
<div class="card" style="margin: 10px;">

Don't: Over-Nest Selectors

/* ✗ Bad: Deep nesting */
.container .wrapper .card .header .title {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
}

/* ✓ Good: Flat structure */
.card-title {
  font-size: 1.5rem;
}

Don't: Use !important Without Cause

/* ✗ Bad: Using important as a crutch */
.button {
  color: red !important;
}

/* ✓ Good: Increase specificity properly */
.card .button {
  color: red;
}

Don't: Hard-Code Values Repeatedly

/* ✗ Bad: Repeated magic numbers */
.card { padding: 16px; }
.modal { padding: 16px; }
.panel { padding: 16px; }

/* ✓ Good: Use variables */
:root {
  --spacing-md: 1rem;
}
.card, .modal, .panel {
  padding: var(--spacing-md);
}

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Accessibility Checklist

When building or reviewing UI components:

• Does every interactive element have a visible focus indicator?
• Does the colour contrast pass WCAG 2.1 AA? (Use browser DevTools audit)
• Is information conveyed by more than just colour?
• Are all images/icons either decorative (aria-hidden) or labelled (alt/aria-label)?
• Do form inputs have associated <label> elements?
• Are error messages linked to inputs via aria-describedby?
• Does the component work with keyboard only (Tab, Enter, Escape)?
• Does prefers-reduced-motion disable animations?
• Are touch targets at least 44×44px?
• Is text readable at 200% zoom without horizontal scrolling?

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Debugging Checklist

When encountering styling issues, verify:

• Is box-sizing: border-box set globally?
• Are there competing CSS specificity issues?
• Is the element in the correct stacking context?
• Are flexbox/grid properties on the correct element (parent vs child)?
• Are units consistent (rem vs px vs em)?
• Does the issue exist at all breakpoints?
• Are CSS variables defined and accessible?
• Is the component's <style> block scoped correctly?
• Are there any typos in class names or property names?
• Is the browser's developer tools showing overridden styles?

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Permission and Confirmation

Always ask permission before:

• Editing multiple files (confirm per file or batch)
• Making structural changes to component architecture
• Introducing new styling patterns or conventions
• Making changes that affect parent/sibling components

Always explain:

• Why a particular approach is recommended
• What knock-on effects changes might have
• Which order changes will be applied
• Alternative approaches if multiple options exist

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References

For deeper dives into specific topics:

• Svelte Style Docs
• CSS Tricks Flexbox Guide
• CSS Tricks Grid Guide
• BEM Naming Convention

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Success Criteria

A styling task is complete when:

• Visual issues are resolved across all target breakpoints
• Styling matches project conventions consistently
• No new bugs or regressions introduced
• Code is maintainable and follows project patterns
• User has confirmed the solution meets requirements
• Accessibility checklist passes (contrast, focus, keyboard, screen reader)
• Animations respect prefers-reduced-motion